直接引述與間接引述 (Direct and Indirect Speech)

我們常常需要轉述別人說過的話。英文中有兩種主要的方式：一種是「直接引述」，就像錄音機一樣，一字不漏地重複，並加上引號；另一種是「間接引述」（也叫轉述語句 Reported Speech），是用自己的話把別人說的意思轉述出來。間接引述比較常用，但也需要注意一些規則變化喔！

一、直接引述 (Direct Speech)

直接引用別人說的原話，並用「引號」(" ") 標示出來。引述的動詞（如 say, ask）可以放在引號前面或後面。

• He said, "I am hungry." (他說：「我餓了。」)
• "I am hungry," he said.
• She asked, "Where are you going?" (她問：「你要去哪裡？」)
• "Where are you going?" she asked.

二、間接引述 (Indirect / Reported Speech)

用自己的話轉述別人說的意思，**不需要**引號。通常會用連接詞 that 來引導轉述的內容（但在口語或非正式寫作中 that 常被省略）。

• He said (that) he was hungry. (他說他餓了。)
• She asked where I was going. (她問我要去哪裡。)

主要的引述動詞有 say, tell, ask 等。注意：tell 後面通常需要接受詞（告訴誰），而 say 則不一定。

• He told me (that) he was tired.
• He said (that) he was tired. (也可以 He said to me that...)

三、從直接到間接：主要的改變規則

重要前提：主要引述動詞為「過去式」！

以下的變化規則，通常只適用於當主要子句的引述動詞是「過去式」(例如 said, told, asked) 的時候。如果引述動詞是現在式 (例如 says)，則轉述內容的時態通常**不變**。

1. 時態變化 (Tense Backshift)：通常往後退一格

當主要引述動詞是過去式時，轉述內容的動詞時態通常需要「往後退一格」。

直接引述中的時態	間接引述中的時態	例句 (Direct → Indirect)
現在簡單式	過去簡單式	He said, "I am happy." → He said he was happy.
現在進行式	過去進行式	She said, "I am watching TV." → She said she was watching TV.
過去簡單式	過去完成式	He said, "I went home early." → He said he had gone home early.
現在完成式	過去完成式	They said, "We have finished." → They said they had finished.
未來簡單式 (will)	過去未來式 (would)	She said, "I will call you." → She said she would call me.
can	could	He said, "I can swim." → He said he could swim.
may	might	She said, "It may rain." → She said it might rain.
must	had to	He said, "I must go." → He said he had to go.

*注意：如果直接引述內容是普遍真理或事實，間接引述時時態可不變。例：He said, "The Earth is round." → He said the Earth is round.*

2. 人稱代名詞變化 (Pronoun Shift)：

人稱代名詞和所有格需要根據「轉述者」的角度做相應的改變。

• Direct: Tom said, "I like your new bike."
• Indirect (我轉述): Tom said that he liked my new bike.
• Indirect (你轉述): Tom said that he liked your new bike.

3. 時間與地點副詞變化 (Time and Place Expression Shift)：

表示時間和地點的副詞也可能需要改變，以符合轉述時的觀點。

• now → then
• today → that day
• here → there
• yesterday → the day before / the previous day
• tomorrow → the next day / the following day
• last week → the week before / the previous week
• next week → the week after / the following week
• ago → before

例：Direct: She said, "I will meet you here tomorrow."
Indirect: She said (that) she would meet me there the next day.

練習 1：將下列直接引述改為間接引述

1. He said, "I am busy now." → He said that _______.
2. Mary said, "I went to the park yesterday." → Mary said that _______.
3. Tom said, "I will call my mom tomorrow." → Tom said that _______.

解答：1. he was busy then 2. she had gone to the park the day before / the previous day 3. he would call his mom the next day / the following day

四、轉述問句 (Reporting Questions)

轉述問句時，引述動詞通常用 ask。

關鍵：語序變回「直述句」！句尾用句點！

• 轉述 Yes/No 問句：用 if 或 whether 引導，後面接「主詞 + 動詞」的直述語序。
  Direct: He asked, "Are you hungry?"
  Indirect: He asked if/whether I was hungry. (注意 `are you` 變成 `I was`)
• 轉述 Wh- 問句：用「原來的 Wh- 疑問詞」引導，後面接「主詞 + 動詞」的直述語序。
  Direct: She asked, "Where does he live?"
  Indirect: She asked where he lived. (注意 `does he live` 變成 `he lived`)

練習 2：將下列直接問句改為間接引述

1. He asked, "Do you like music?" → He asked me _______.
2. She asked, "What time is it?" → She asked _______.

解答：1. if/whether I liked music 2. what time it was

五、轉述祈使句 (Reporting Commands/Requests)

轉述祈使句時，引述動詞常改用 tell (命令) 或 ask (請求)。

句型結構：引述動詞 (told/asked) + 受詞(人) + 不定詞 (to V / not to V)

• 轉述肯定祈使： 用 to + 原形動詞
  Direct: The teacher said, "Open your books."
  Indirect: The teacher told us to open our books.
• 轉述否定祈使： 用 not to + 原形動詞
  Direct: Mom said, "Don't play computer games."
  Indirect: Mom told me not to play computer games.
• 轉述請求 (含 please)： 通常用 ask，並省略 please。
  Direct: She said, "Please help me."
  Indirect: She asked me to help her.

練習 3：將下列祈使句改為間接引述

1. He said, "Be quiet!" → He told us _______.
2. She said, "Please don't go." → She asked me _______.

解答：1. to be quiet 2. not to go

直接/間接引述小總結：

• 直接引述用引號，間接引述不用。
• 間接引述當主要引述動詞是過去式時，通常需要注意：
  1. **時態**往後退一格。
  2. **人稱代名詞/所有格**依轉述角度改變。
  3. **時間/地點副詞**依轉述角度改變。
• 轉述**問句**時，要變回「**直述句語序**」，用 `if/whether` 或 Wh-疑問詞引導。
• 轉述**祈使句**時，常用 `tell/ask + 人 + to V / not to V`。
• 規則比較多，需要多加練習才能熟練！