動詞除了可以表示動作,還可以「變身」成其他詞性喔!今天我們要來認識兩種最常見的動詞變身形態:「動名詞」(Gerund) 和「不定詞」(Infinitive)。學會它們,你的英文句子就能表達更豐富的意思!同時,我們也會介紹一個讓長句子變清爽的小幫手:「虛主詞 it」。
一、動名詞 (Gerund: V-ing) - 當名詞用
動名詞就是「動詞 + ing」(V-ing
),但它在句子裡扮演的是「名詞」的角色。既然是名詞,它就可以放在名詞可以放的位置:
-
當主詞 (Subject): 放在句首,表示「做...這件事」。動名詞當主詞時,動詞用單數。
例:Swimming
is good exercise. (游泳是很好的運動。)
例:Learning
English takes time. (學習英文需要時間。) -
當受詞 (Object): 放在及物動詞後面。
例:I enjoyreading
. (我享受閱讀。)
例:He finisheddoing
his homework. (他完成了他的作業。) -
當主詞補語 (Subject Complement): 放在 Be 動詞後面,補充說明主詞是什麼。
例:My hobby iscollecting
stamps. (我的嗜好是集郵。)
例:Seeing isbelieving
. (眼見為憑。) -
當介系詞的受詞 (Object of a Preposition): 放在介系詞 (in, on, at, for, about, of...) 後面。
例:She is goodat
drawing
. (她擅長畫畫。)
例:Thank youfor
coming
. (謝謝你的到來。)
* 常接動名詞當受詞的動詞: enjoy, finish, practice, avoid, mind, keep (持續), suggest, quit, give up...
練習 1:用動名詞填空
- _______ (Swim) is fun.
- I finished _______ (clean) the house.
- He is interested in _______ (learn) Japanese.
解答:1. Swimming
2. cleaning
3. learning
二、不定詞 (Infinitive: to + V) - 多功能選手
不定詞的基本形式是「to
+ 動詞原形 (to
V)」。它的功能更多元,可以當名詞、形容詞或副詞。
-
當名詞 (Noun):
- 當主詞:
To learn
a new language is challenging. (學習新語言有挑戰性。) (較少見,常改用虛主詞 it) - 當受詞:I want
to travel
. (我想要旅行。) / She decidedto stay
home. (她決定待在家。) - 當主詞補語:My dream is
to become
a writer. (我的夢想是成為作家。)
- 當主詞:
-
當形容詞 (Adjective): 放在名詞後面,修飾名詞。
例:I have some homeworkto do
. (我有一些功課要做。)
例:Is there anythingto eat
? (有任何東西可以吃嗎?) -
當副詞 (Adverb): 通常用來表示「目的」(為了...)。
例:He studies hardto pass
the exam. (他努力讀書是為了通過考試。)
例:I went to the storeto buy
some milk. (我去商店是為了買些牛奶。)
* 常接不定詞當受詞的動詞: want, need, decide, hope, plan, learn, agree, promise, try, ask, tell...
練習 2:填入不定詞 (to V)
- She promised _______ (call) me later.
- My goal is _______ (finish) this project by Friday.
- He needs something _______ (drink).
- They came here _______ (help) us.
解答:1. to call
2. to finish
3. to drink
4. to help
三、動名詞 vs. 不定詞:當受詞的選擇
有些動詞後面固定接動名詞,有些固定接不定詞 (如上面列表)。但也有一些動詞比較特別:
-
接 V-ing 或 to V 意思「差不多」的動詞: start, begin, continue, like, love, hate, prefer...
例:It startedraining
/to rain
. (開始下雨了。)
例:I likeswimming
/to swim
. (我喜歡游泳。) -
接 V-ing 或 to V 意思「不同」的動詞:
- remember:
remember +to V
(記得「要去做」某事 - 還沒做)
remember +V-ing
(記得「做過」某事 - 已經做)
例:Rememberto lock
the door. (記得要去鎖門。)
例:I rememberlocking
the door. (我記得我鎖過門了。) - forget:
forget +to V
(忘記「要去做」某事 - 沒做)
forget +V-ing
(忘記「做過」某事 - 但其實做過)
例:Don't forgetto bring
your homework. (別忘了要帶作業。)
例:I'll never forgetseeing
that beautiful view. (我永遠不會忘記看過那美麗的景色。) - stop:
stop +to V
(停下正在做的事,去做 V 這件事)
stop +V-ing
(停止 V-ing 這個動作)
例:He stoppedto smoke
. (他停下來去抽菸。)
例:He stoppedsmoking
. (他戒菸了/停止抽菸這個動作。) - try:
try +to V
(努力「嘗試去做」某事)
try +V-ing
(「試試看」某個方法/動作)
例:Please tryto finish
it on time. (請努力準時完成。)
例:Trypressing
this button. (試試看按這個按鈕。)
- remember:
練習 3:選擇正確的動詞形式
- I forgot _______ (lock) the door this morning!
- He stopped _______ (talk) and listened to the teacher.
- Do you remember _______ (meet) him last year?
解答:1. to lock
2. talking
3. meeting
四、讓句子更順暢:虛主詞/虛受詞 it (Dummy Subject/Object 'it')
當「動名詞片語」或「不定詞片語」當主詞時,句子可能會顯得頭重腳輕。為了讓句子更平衡、更自然,我們可以用 It
來當「假的」主詞 (虛主詞),把真正的主詞 (動名詞/不定詞片語) 移到後面。
虛主詞 it 的句型:
-
It + be + 形容詞 + (for sb) + to V... (這是最常見的句型)
原句:To learn
English is important.
改寫:It
is importantto learn
English. (學英文很重要。)
原句:To wake up
early is difficult for me.
改寫:It
is difficult for meto wake up
early. (對我來說早起很困難。) -
It + be + 形容詞/名詞 + V-ing... (較少見,通常用來表達經驗或感受)
原句:Swimming
in the ocean is exciting.
改寫:It
is excitingswimming
in the ocean. (在海裡游泳很刺激。)
例:It
was nicetalking
to you. (很高興跟你聊天。)
虛受詞 it 的句型 (補充):
有時候,當不定詞或 that 子句當受詞,且後面還有受詞補語時,也會用 it 當虛受詞。
-
S + V + it + Adj/N + to V...
例:I findit
difficultto solve
this problem. (我發現要解決這個問題很困難。) -
S + V + it + Adj/N + that + Clause...
例:He madeit
clearthat
he disagreed. (他明確表示他不同意。)
練習 4:用虛主詞 It 改寫句子
- To finish the work today is impossible. →
- Learning new things is always fun. →
解答:1. It is impossible to finish the work today.
2. It is always fun learning new things.
動狀詞與虛主詞小總結:
- 動名詞 (
V-ing
) 和不定詞 (to V
) 可以讓動詞當名詞、形容詞或副詞用。 - 要注意哪些動詞後面固定接 V-ing 或 to V,以及哪些動詞接兩者時意義不同。
- 當 V-ing 或 to V 片語當主詞太長時,可以用虛主詞
It
來讓句子更順暢。 - 掌握動狀詞和虛主詞,你的英文句子會更有彈性、更漂亮!