分詞構句的妙用 (Participial Constructions)

「分詞構句」(Participial Constructions)！簡單來說，就是用分詞開頭的片語，來取代原本比較長的「形容詞子句」或「副詞子句」，讓句子變得更簡潔有力，更有變化！

一、分詞構句是什麼？ (What are Participial Constructions?)

分詞構句就是由「現在分詞 (V-ing)」或「過去分詞 (p.p.)」開頭的一個片語，它在句子中扮演「形容詞」或「副詞」的角色。

形成的**主要條件**是：它所簡化的那個子句的**主詞**，必須和主要子句的**主詞相同**。

形成的**基本方法**是：

1. 去掉從屬連接詞 (例如 because, when, while, who, which...)。
2. 如果子句主詞與主要子句主詞相同，省略子句主詞。
3. 將子句動詞改成適當的分詞形式 (V-ing 或 p.p.)。

二、分詞構句當形容詞用 (Replacing Adjective Clauses)

當分詞構句用來修飾名詞時，它扮演形容詞的角色，通常放在被修飾的名詞**後面**，相當於簡化了形容詞子句 (關係子句)。

1. 用現在分詞 (V-ing) 取代「主動」的形容詞子句：

如果原本形容詞子句的動詞是主動的，就改成 V-ing。

• 原句：The man who is sitting on the bench is reading.
  → 分詞構句：The man sitting on the bench is reading. (坐在長椅上的那個男人正在讀書。)
• 原句：Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?
  → 分詞構句：Do you know the girl talking to Tom? (你認識正在和 Tom 說話的那個女孩嗎？)

2. 用過去分詞 (p.p.) 取代「被動」的形容詞子句：

如果原本形容詞子句的動詞是被動的 (be + p.p.)，就直接省略 be 動詞，只留下 p.p.。

• 原句：The letter which was sent yesterday arrived this morning.
  → 分詞構句：The letter sent yesterday arrived this morning. (昨天寄出的信今天早上到了。)
• 原句：The cake that was made by my mom is delicious.
  → 分詞構句：The cake made by my mom is delicious. (我媽媽做的蛋糕很好吃。)

練習 1：用分詞構句簡化形容詞子句

1. The boy who is playing the guitar is my brother. → The boy _______ the guitar is my brother.
2. The pictures which were taken during the trip are beautiful. → The pictures _______ during the trip are beautiful.

解答：1. playing 2. taken

三、分詞構句當副詞用 (Replacing Adverbial Clauses)

當分詞構句用來修飾整個主要子句時，它扮演副詞的角色，通常放在句首 (後面加逗號) 或句尾，用來表示「時間」、「原因」、「條件」、「讓步」等。同樣地，前提是兩個子句的主詞必須相同。

1. 用現在分詞 (V-ing) 取代「主動」的副詞子句：

• 表示時間 (When/While/After):
  原句：When I walked into the room, I saw her crying.
  → 分詞構句：Walking into the room, I saw her crying. (走進房間時，我看見她在哭。)
  
  原句：After he finished his homework, he went out to play.
  → 分詞構句：Finishing his homework, he went out to play. (完成功課後，他出去玩了。)
  → 或用完成式分詞強調先後：Having finished his homework, he went out to play.
• 表示原因 (Because/Since/As):
  原句：Because she felt sick, she didn't go to school.
  → 分詞構句：Feeling sick, she didn't go to school. (因為覺得不舒服，她沒去學校。)
• 表示條件 (If): (較少見，有時語意可能不明確)
  原句：If you turn right, you will find the post office.
  → 分詞構句：Turning right, you will find the post office. (向右轉，你會找到郵局。)

2. 用過去分詞 (p.p.) 取代「被動」的副詞子句：

(通常是省略了 Being 或 Having been)

• 表示原因 (Because/Since/As):
  原句：Because he was tired from the trip, he slept early.
  → 分詞構句：Tired from the trip, he slept early. (因為旅途勞累，他很早就睡了。)
  
  原句：As the report was written in a hurry, it contained many errors.
  → 分詞構句：Written in a hurry, the report contained many errors. (因為報告是匆忙寫成的，裡面有很多錯誤。)
• 表示時間 (When/After):
  原句：When he was asked about the problem, he said nothing.
  → 分詞構句：Asked about the problem, he said nothing. (當被問到這個問題時，他什麼也沒說。)

練習 2：用分詞構句簡化副詞子句

1. While I was walking home, I met an old friend. → _______ home, I met an old friend.
2. Because he was surprised by the loud noise, the baby started to cry. → _______ by the loud noise, the baby started to cry.
3. After she finished her lunch, she went back to the office. → _______ her lunch, she went back to the office.

解答：1. Walking 2. Surprised 3. Finishing / Having finished

分詞構句小總結：

• 分詞構句是用 V-ing 或 p.p. 開頭的片語，來簡化形容詞子句或副詞子句。
• **最大前提：** 兩個子句的主詞必須相同！
• 取代形容詞子句時，放在名詞後面修飾。
• 取代副詞子句時，常放句首加逗號，表示時間、原因等。
• 主動或進行的關係用 **V-ing**；被動或完成的關係用 **p.p.**。
• 分詞構句是比較進階的寫作技巧，能讓句子更簡潔、更有變化！